Ukubona kuhlanganisa izici eziningi, njengokuqonda okubonakalayo, ukubona imibala, ukubona okuqondile, kanye nokubona kwesimo. Njengamanje, amalensi ahlukahlukene angagxilile asetshenziswa kakhulu ekulungiseni i-myopia ezinganeni nasebancane, okudinga ukufiphazwa okunembile. Kulolu daba, sizokwethula kafushane ukunemba kokulungiswa kwe-myopia ezinganeni nasebancane, sigxile ezingeni eliphansi lokubona okungcono kakhulu ku-refractive prescription ukuze sisize sikhethe okufanele.ukukhanyaamalensi.
Izinga eliphansi lokubona okungcono kakhulu lidinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela ukuze kutholakale ukuthi kufanele nini ukulungisa umbono ube ngu-1.5 nokuthi kufanele nini ukulungisa umbono ongaphansi kuka-1.5. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izimo ezidinga ukulungiswa okunembile nokuthi yiziphi izimo ezingabekezelela ukulungiswa okungafanele. Incazelo yombono omuhle kakhulu kufanele futhi icaciswe.
Ukuchaza izindlela zokulinganisa amazinga okubona kahle
Ngokuvamile, lapho abantu bekhuluma ngobukhali bokubona, babhekisela embonweni, okuyikhono lamehlo lokuhlukanisa izinto zangaphandle. Emtholampilo, ubukhali bokubona buhlolwa kakhulu kusetshenziswa ishadi lobukhali bokubona. Esikhathini esidlule, amashadi amakhulu asetshenziswa kwakuyishadi elijwayelekile lamazwe ngamazwe lobukhali bokubona noma ishadi lobukhali bokubona ledesimali. Njengamanje, ishadi lobukhali bokubona lohlamvu lwe-logarithmic luvame ukusetshenziswa, kuyilapho imisebenzi ethile ekhethekile ingadinga ishadi lobukhali bokubona lohlobo lwe-C. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lweshadi elisetshenziswayo, ubukhali bokubona buvame ukuhlolwa kusukela ku-0.1 kuya ku-1.5, kanti ishadi lobukhali bokubona lwe-logarithmic lisukela ku-0.1 kuya ku-2.0.
Uma iso libona kufika ku-1.0, kubhekwa njengobukhali obujwayelekile bokubona. Nakuba abantu abaningi bebona kufika ku-1.0, kunephesenti elincane labantu abangadlula leli zinga. Inani elincane kakhulu labantu lingabona ngisho nangokucacile njengo-2.0, kanti ucwaningo olwenziwe emalabhorethri lusikisela ukuthi ubukhali obungcono kakhulu bokubona bungafinyelela ku-3.0. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kuvame ukubheka u-1.0 njengobukhali obujwayelekile bokubona, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi umbono ojwayelekile.
1 Ibanga Lokulinganisa
'Ishadi Elijwayelekile Logarithmic Visual Acuity' lichaza ukuthi ibanga lokuhlolwa lingamamitha ama-5.
2 Indawo Yokuhlola
Ishadi lokubona kahle kufanele lilengiswe endaweni ekhanyiswe kahle, ukuphakama kwalo kuqondene ukuze umugqa ophawulwe ngokuthi '0' eshadini ube sezingeni elifanayo namehlo ohlolwayo. Ohlolwayo kufanele abekwe amamitha ama-5 ukusuka eshadini, abheke kude nomthombo wokukhanya ukuze kugwenywe ukukhanya okuqondile ukungena emehlweni.
3 Indlela Yokulinganisa
Iso ngalinye kufanele lihlolwe ngokwehlukana, kuqalwe ngeso lesokudla kulandelwe iso lesobunxele. Uma kuhlolwa iso elilodwa, elinye iso kufanele limbozwe ngezinto ezingacaci ngaphandle kokucindezela. Uma umhloli ekwazi ukufunda kuze kufike emgqeni wesi-6 ngokucacile, kuqoshwa njengo-4.6 (0.4); uma ekwazi ukufunda umugqa wesi-7 ngokucacile, kuqoshwa njengo-4.7 (0.5), njalo njalo.
Umugqa omncane wobukhali bokubona ongabonwa ngumhloli kufanele uqashelwe (ububukhali bokubona bomhloli buqinisekiswa ukuthi bufinyelela kulelo nani lapho inani elikhonjwe kahle lama-optotype lidlula ingxenye yenani eliphelele lama-optotype emgqeni ohambisanayo). Inani lalowo mugqa liqoshwa njengobukhali bokubona balelo liso.
Uma umhloli engakwazi ukubona kahle uhlamvu 'E' emgqeni wokuqala weshadi ngeso elilodwa, kufanele acelwe ukuba aqhubekele phambili aze akwazi ukulibona kahle. Uma ekwazi ukulibona kahle ngamamitha angu-4, ukuqonda kwabo okubonakalayo kungu-0.08; ngamamitha angu-3, kungu-0.06; ngamamitha amabili, kungu-0.04; ngamamitha angu-1, kungu-0.02. Ukuqonda okubonakalayo okuneso elilodwa okungu-5.0 (1.0) noma ngaphezulu kubhekwa njengokuqonda okuvamile okubonakalayo.
4 Ubudala Bomhloli
Ngokuvamile, ukukhula kweso lomuntu okubonakalayo kuqhubekela phambili kusukela ekuboneni kude kuya e-emmetropia bese kuba ukubona eduze. Ngokugcina okuvamile, ukuqonda kokubona kwengane okungalungisiwe kungama-0.5 eminyakeni engu-4-5, cishe kungama-0.6 eminyakeni engu-6, cishe kungama-0.7 eminyakeni engu-7, kanye cishe kungama-0.8 eminyakeni engu-8. Kodwa-ke, isimo samehlo sengane ngayinye siyahlukahluka, futhi izibalo kufanele zenziwe ngokwehlukahluka komuntu ngamunye.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ubukhali bokubona obuneso elilodwa obungu-5.0 (1.0) noma ngaphezulu bubhekwa njengobukhali bokubona obujwayelekile. Ubukhali bokubona obujwayelekile abumeleli ngempela umbono omuhle kakhulu womhloli.
Izidingo Ezihlukene Zokucabanga Ngezinto Eziphilayo Ezikhathini Ezihlukene
1 Intsha (iminyaka engu-6-18 ubudala)
Uchwepheshe uthe, "Ukulungiswa okungaphelele kungaholela kalula ekwandeni kwe-diopter. Ngakho-ke, intsha kumele ilungiswe ngendlela efanele."
Odokotela abaningi bamehlo babevame ukunikeza imithi ephansi kancane, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-undercorrection, lapho behlola amehlo abantwana abane-myopia kanye nentsha. Babekholelwa ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nemithi elungiselelwe ngokuphelele, imithi elungiselelwe i-undercorrection yayamukelwa kalula ngabazali, njengoba abazali babenqikaza ukuthi izingane zabo zigqoke izibuko ezinamandla kakhulu, besaba ukuthi i-diopter izokhula ngokushesha, futhi bekhathazekile ngokuthi izibuko zizoba yisidingo esihlala njalo. Odokotela bamehlo babecabanga nokuthi ukugqoka izibuko ezingalungiswanga kahle kuzonciphisa ukuqhubekela phambili kwe-myopia.
Ukulungiswa okungaphelele kwe-myopia kubhekisela ekugqokeni izibuko ezinemithi kadokotela ephansi kunokujwayelekile, okuholela ekuqondeni okuqondile kokubona ngaphansi kwezinga elijwayelekile le-1.0 (ngenkathi kungafinyeleli amazinga afanele okuqonda okubonakalayo). Umsebenzi wokubona wezingane nentsha obonakalayo usesigabeni esingazinzile futhi umbono ocacile uyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe intuthuko eqinile yomsebenzi wabo wokubona we-binocular.
Ukugqoka izibuko ezingalungiswanga kahle akugcini nje ngokuvimbela ikhono lokubona izinto ngokucacile ezinganeni nasebancane kodwa futhi kuvimbela intuthuko enempilo yokubona. Lapho ubuka eduze kwezinto, kusetshenziswa amandla amancane okuhlangana nokuhlangana kunokuvamile, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kokubona kwe-binocular ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okubangela ukukhathala kokubona, kanye nokusheshisa ukuqhubekela phambili kwe-myopia.
Izingane azidingi nje kuphela ukugqoka izibuko ezilungisiwe kahle, kodwa futhi, uma ukusebenza kwazo kokubuka kukubi, zingadinga ukuqeqeshwa kokubona ukuze zithuthukise ikhono lamehlo azo lokugxila ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhathala kwamehlo futhi kunciphise ukuqhubeka kwe-myopia ebangelwa ukusebenza okungavamile kokugxila. Lokhu kusiza izingane ukuthi zifinyelele ikhwalithi yokubona ecacile, ekhululekile, neqhubekayo.
Abantu Abadala Ababili Abasebasha (abaneminyaka engu-19-40 ubudala)
Ngokombono, amazinga e-myopia kuleli qembu leminyaka azinzile, ngesilinganiso sokukhula kancane. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezici zemvelo, abantu abachitha isikhathi eside besebenzisa amadivayisi kagesi bathambekele ekukhuliseni amazinga abo e-myopia. Ngokomthetho, umuthi ophansi kakhulu odingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe umbono ofanele kufanele ube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, kodwa ukulungiswa kungenziwa ngokusekelwe enduduzo yamakhasimende nezidingo zokubona.
Amaphuzu Okufanele Uwaqaphele:
(1) Uma kutholakala ukwanda okukhulu kwe-diopter ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamehlo, ukwanda kokuqala kwemithi kadokotela akufanele kudlule -1.00D. Naka izimpawu zokungakhululeki njengokuhamba, ukuphambuka kobuso bomhlaba, isiyezi, ukucaca kokubona eduze, ubuhlungu bamehlo, ukuphambuka kwezikrini zedivayisi kagesi, njll. Uma lezi zimpawu ziqhubeka ngemva kokugqoka izibuko imizuzu emi-5, cabanga ukunciphisa imithi kadokotela kuze kube yilapho ikhululekile.
(2) Kubantu abanemisebenzi edinga kakhulu njengokushayela noma ukubuka izethulo, futhi uma ikhasimende likhululekile ngokulungiswa okugcwele, kungcono ukusebenzisa ukulungiswa okufanele. Uma kukhona ukusetshenziswa njalo kwamadivayisi kagesi eduze, cabanga ngokusebenzisa amalensi edijithali.
(3) Ezimweni lapho i-myopia iba yimbi ngokuzumayo, qaphela amathuba okwamukela ukuqaqamba (pseudo-myopia). Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamehlo, qinisekisa ukuthi uthola imithi edingekayo ephansi kakhulu ukuze ubone kahle emehlweni womabili, ugweme ukulungisa ngokweqile. Uma kunezinkinga ngokubona okubi noma okungazinzile, cabanga ngokwenza izivivinyo ezifanele zomsebenzi wokubona.
3 Abantu Abadala (abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu)
Ngenxa yokwehla kwekhono lokuhlala kweso, leli qembu leminyaka livame ukubhekana ne-presbyopia. Ngaphandle kokugxila ku-prescription yebanga lokubona, kubalulekile ukunaka ngokukhethekile ukulungiswa kokubona okuseduze lapho unikeza izibuko zaleli qembu leminyaka futhi ucabangele ukuzivumelanisa kwekhasimende nezinguquko ze-prescription.
Amaphuzu Okufanele Uwaqaphele:
(1) Uma abantu benomuzwa wokuthi umuthi wabo wamanje awenele futhi benesidingo esikhulu sokubona ibanga, ngemva kokuqinisekisa umuthi wokubona ibanga, kubalulekile ukuhlola umbono oseduze. Uma kunezimpawu zokukhathala kokubona noma ukwehla kokubona okuseduze ngenxa yokuncipha kwekhono lokuhlala, cabanga ngokunikeza amalensi amabili e-progressive multifocal.
(2) Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kuphansi kuleli qembu leminyaka. Qinisekisa ukuthi ukwanda ngakunye kwemithi kadokotela yokubona eduze akudluli ku-1.00D. Uma ukungakhululeki kuqhubeka ngemva kokugqoka izibuko imizuzu emi-5, cabanga ukunciphisa imithi kadokotela kuze kube yilapho ikhululekile.
(3) Kubantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-60 ubudala, kungase kube namazinga ahlukahlukene e-cataracts. Uma kukhona ukuphambuka ekuqondeni okulungisiwe kokubona (<0.5), sola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ikhasimende lingaba ne-cataracts. Ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe esibhedlela kuyadingeka ukuze kunqunywe ithonya lezifo zamehlo.
Umthelela Womsebenzi Wokubona Okune-Binocular
Siyazi ukuthi imiphumela etholwe ekuhlolweni kwamehlo ibonisa isimo sokubona ngamehlo ngaleso sikhathi, okuqinisekisa ukuthi amehlo abonakala kahle ebangeni lokuhlola. Emisebenzini evamile yansuku zonke, lapho sidinga ukubona izinto ezikude ezahlukene, sidinga ukulungiswa kanye nokuhlangana-ukwehluka (ukubandakanyeka komsebenzi wokubona nge-binocular). Ngisho nangamandla afanayo okubona ngamehlo, izimo ezahlukene zomsebenzi wokubona nge-binocular zidinga izindlela ezahlukene zokulungisa.
Singenza kube lula ukukhubazeka okuvamile kokubona nge-binocular ngezigaba ezintathu:
1 Ukuphambuka kwamehlo - I-Exophoria
Ukuphazamiseka okuhambisanayo emsebenzini wokubona nge-binocular kungafaka: ukuhlangana okunganele, ukuhlukana ngokweqile, kanye ne-exophoria elula.
Isimiso salezi zimo ukusebenzisa ukulungiswa okwanele nokukuphelelisa ngokuqeqeshwa kokubona ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhono lokuhlangana kwamehlo womabili futhi kuncishiswe ukukhathala kokubona okubangelwa ukukhubazeka kokubona kwe-binocular.
2 Ukuphambuka kwamehlo - I-Esophoria
Ukuphazamiseka okuhambisanayo emsebenzini wokubona nge-binocular kungafaka: ukuhlangana ngokweqile, ukuhlukana okunganele, kanye ne-simple esophoria.
Ezimweni ezinjalo, isimiso siwukucabangela ukulungiswa okungafanele ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukubona okwanele. Uma imisebenzi yokubona eduze ivame kakhulu, amalensi edijithali angasetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhambisana nokuqeqeshwa kokubona ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokwehlukana kwamehlo womabili kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukukhathala kokubona okubangelwa ukukhubazeka kokubona kwe-binocular.
3 Izinto ezingavamile zokuhlala
Ngokuyinhloko kuhlanganisa: Ukungahlali ngokwanele, ukuhlala ngokweqile, ukungasebenzi kahle kwendawo yokuhlala.
1 Indawo Yokuhlala Enganele
Uma kuyi-myopia, gwema ukulungisa ngokweqile, beka phambili induduzo, futhi ucabangele ukulungiswa okungafanele ngokusekelwe esimweni sokugqoka okuvivinywayo; uma kuyi-hyperopia, zama ukulungisa ngokuphelele umuthi we-hyperopic ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukucaca.
2 Indawo Yokuhlala Ephakeme
Uma une-myopia, uma ilensi ephansi kakhulu engeyindilinga yokubona okuhle ingenakubekezelelwa, cabanga ngokulungiswa okungafanele, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala abasebenza eduze nesikhathi eside. Uma kuyi-hyperopia, zama ukulungisa ngokuphelele umuthi kadokotela ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukucaca.
3 Ukungasebenzi Kahle Kwendawo Yokuhlala
Uma une-myopia, uma ilensi ephansi kakhulu enesiyingi engabonakali kahle yokubona kahle ingenakubekezelelwa, cabanga ngokulungiswa okungafanele. Uma kuyi-hyperopia, zama ukulungisa ngokuphelele umuthi kadokotela ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukucaca.
Ekuphetheni
WUma kukhulunywa ngezimiso zokuhlola amehlo, sidinga ukucabangela izici eziningi ezahlukene. Ngenkathi sicabangela ubudala, kufanele futhi sicabangele umsebenzi wokubona nge-binocular. Yiqiniso, kunezimo ezikhethekile ezifana ne-strabismus, i-amblyopia, kanye ne-refractive anisometropia ezidinga ukucatshangelwa okuhlukile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene, ukufeza umbono omuhle kakhulu kuphonsela inselelo amakhono obuchwepheshe awo wonke udokotela wamehlo. Sikholelwa ukuthi ngokufunda okwengeziwe, wonke udokotela wamehlo angahlola ngokuphelele futhi anikeze idatha enembile kadokotela.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-04-2024