Ngokusho kombiko wocwaningo lwe-World Health Organisation, inani leziguli ezine-myopia eShayina lifinyelele ezigidini ezingama-600 ngo-2018, kanti izinga le-myopia phakathi kwentsha libekwe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni. IShayina isibe yizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni eline-myopia. Ngokusho kwedatha yokubalwa kwabantu ka-2021, izinga le-myopia libalelwa cishe kwengxenye yabantu bakuleli zwe. Njengoba kunenani elikhulu kangaka labantu abane-myopia, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza ulwazi lochwepheshe oluhlobene ne-myopia luthandwe ngokwesayensi.
Indlela yokusebenza kwe-myopia
Izimbangela eziqondile ze-myopia azikacaci kuze kube manje. Kalula nje, asazi ukuthi kungani i-myopia yenzeka.
Izici ezihambisana ne-myopia
Ngokusho kocwaningo lwezokwelapha kanye nolwe-optometry, ukuvela kwe-myopia kuthinteka yizici eziningi ezifana nezakhi zofuzo kanye nendawo ezungezile, futhi kungahlotshaniswa nalezi zici ezilandelayo.
1. I-Myopia inomkhuba othile wezakhi zofuzo. Njengoba ucwaningo ngezici zofuzo ze-myopia luba lujulile, ikakhulukazi i-myopia ye-pathological inomlando womndeni, okwamanje kuqinisekiswa ukuthi i-myopia ye-pathological iyisifo sofuzo sezakhi zofuzo esisodwa, futhi esivame kakhulu yi-autosomal recessive inheritance. . I-myopia elula okwamanje izuzwe njengefa ezicini eziningi, kanti izici ezitholwe zidlala indima enkulu.
2. Ngokuphathelene nezici zemvelo, izici ezifana nokufunda eduze isikhathi eside, ukukhanya okunganele, isikhathi eside sokufunda, ukubhala ngesandla okungacacile noma okuncane kakhulu, ukuma okungekuhle kokuhlala, ukungondleki kahle, ukuncipha kwemisebenzi yangaphandle, kanye nezinga eliphezulu lemfundo kungase kuhlobane nokuthuthukiswa kwe-myopia.
Umehluko wokuhlukaniswa kwe-myopia
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-myopia, ngoba imbangela yokuqala, imbangela yokuphazamiseka kokubona, izinga le-myopia, ubude be-myopia, ukuzinza, nokuthi ukulungiswa kuhilelekile konke kungasetshenziswa njengezindlela zokuhlukanisa.
1. Ngokwezinga le-myopia:
I-myopia ephansi:ngaphansi kwama-degrees angu-300 (≤-3.00 D).
I-myopia ephakathi nendawo:Amadigri angu-300 kuya kumadigri angu-600 (-3.00 D~ -6.00 D).
I-Myopia:izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kwama-degrees angu-600 (>-6.00 D) (elibizwa nangokuthi i-pathological myopia)
2. Ngokwesakhiwo sokuphendula (imbangela eqondile):
(1) I-myopia evuselelayo,okuyi-myopia ebangelwa ukwanda kwamandla okubuyisa amehlo enhlamvu yeso ngenxa yezingxenye ezingavamile zokubuyisa amehlo noma inhlanganisela engavamile yezingxenye kuyilapho ubude be-axial beso bujwayelekile. Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia lungaba lwesikhashana noma oluhlala njalo.
I-myopia evuselelayo ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-curvature myopia kanye ne-refractive index myopia. Eyokuqala ibangelwa kakhulu ukugoba ngokweqile kwe-cornea noma ilensi, njengeziguli ezine-keratoconus, ilensi eyindilinga noma ilensi encane; eyesibili ibangelwa ukugoba ngokweqile kwe-aqueous humor kanye nelensi, njenge-primary cataract, iziguli ezivuvukala ngomzimba we-iris-ciliary.
(2) I-Axial myopia:Ihlukaniswe futhi nge-non-plastic axial myopia kanye ne-plastic axial myopia. I-non-plastic axial myopia isho ukuthi amandla okubuka iso ajwayelekile, kodwa ubude be-anterior kanye ne-posterior axis ye-eyeball budlula ububanzi obujwayelekile. Ukwanda ngakunye okungu-1mm ku-eyeball axis kufana nokwanda kwama-degree angu-300 e-myopia. Ngokuvamile, i-diopter ye-axial myopia ingaphansi kwama-degree angu-600 e-myopia. Ngemva kokuba i-diopter ye-partial axial myopia ikhuphukele kuma-degree angu-600, ubude be-axial beso buyaqhubeka nokwanda. I-myopia diopter ingafinyelela ama-degree angaphezu kuka-1000, futhi kwezinye izimo ifinyelela ngisho nama-degree angu-2000. Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia lubizwa ngokuthi i-progressive high myopia noma i-deformed myopia.
Amehlo anezinguquko ezahlukahlukene ze-pathological njenge-myopia ephezulu, futhi umbono awukwazi ukulungiswa ngendlela eyanelisayo. Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia lunomlando womndeni futhi luhlobene nezakhi zofuzo. Kusekhona ithemba lokulawula nokululama ebuntwaneni, kodwa hhayi njengomuntu omdala.
I-plastic axial myopia ibizwa nangokuthi i-plastic true myopia. Izizathu, ezifana nokuntuleka kwamavithamini kanye nezakhi zokulandelela ngesikhathi sokukhula nokukhula kungabangela i-myopia, kanye ne-myopia ebangelwa yi-ophthalmia noma izifo zomzimba. Ihlukaniswe kabanzi nge-plastic temporary pseudomyopia, i-plastic intermediate myopia kanye ne-plastic axial myopia.
(a) I-Plastic temporary pseudomyopia:Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia luthatha isikhathi esifushane ukwakheka kune-plastic temporary pseudomyopia. Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia, njenge-accommodative temporary pseudomyopia, lungabuyela embonweni ojwayelekile esikhathini esifushane. Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-myopia zidinga izindlela ezahlukene zokululama. Izici ze-plastic temporary pseudomyopia: lapho izici zilungiswa, umbono uyathuthuka; lapho kuvela izici ezintsha, i-myopia iyaqhubeka nokujula. Ngokuvamile, kunezinga lokuguquguquka elisukela kuma-degree angu-25 kuya kwangu-300.
(b) I-myopia ephakathi kwepulasitiki:Ubukhali bokubona abuthuthuki ngemva kokulungisa izinto, futhi ayikho i-plastic true myopia eyandisa i-visual axis.
(c) I-plastic axial myopia:Uma i-pseudomyopia yepulasitiki yohlobo lwe-axial myopia ikhula ibe yi-plastic true myopia, kuba nzima kakhulu ukubuyisela umbono. Kusetshenziswa isevisi yokuqeqeshwa kokululama kwe-myopia 1+1, futhi ijubane lokululama lihamba kancane. Kudinga isikhathi futhi side kakhulu.
(3) I-myopia ehlanganisiwe:izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala ze-myopia ziyahambisana
3. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwendlela isifo esiqhubeka ngayo kanye nezinguquko zesifo
(1) I-myopia elula:Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-juvenile myopia, uhlobo oluvamile lwe-myopia. Izici zofuzo azikacaci. Ihlobene kakhulu nomthwalo wokubona obukhali ngesikhathi sobusha kanye nokukhula. Ngokukhula kanye nokukhula ngokomzimba, eminyakeni ethile, kuzohlala kuzinzile. Izinga le-myopia ngokuvamile liphansi noma liphakathi, i-myopia iyaqhubeka kancane, futhi umbono olungisiwe uba muhle.
(3) I-myopia yezifo:Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-progressive myopia, ikakhulukazi inezici zofuzo. I-Myopia iyaqhubeka nokujula, ikhula ngokushesha ngesikhathi sobusha, futhi inhlamvu yeso isakhula ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engama-20. Umsebenzi wokubona uyaphazamiseka kakhulu, ubonakala ngebanga eliphansi kunejwayelekile kanye nombono oseduze, kanye nokuzwela okungavamile kwensimu yokubona kanye nokuqhathanisa. Kuhambisana nezinkinga ezifana nokuwohloka kwe-retinal endaweni engemuva yeso, amabala e-myopic arc, ukuphuma kwegazi kwe-macular, kanye ne-posterior scleral staphyloma, lesi sifo siyajula kancane kancane futhi sikhule; umphumela wokulungisa umbono awubi kahle ezigabeni zokugcina.
4. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ngokuya ngokuthi kukhona yini amandla okulungisa ahilelekile.
(1) I-Pseudomyopia:Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-accommodative myopia, ibangelwa ukusebenza eduze isikhathi eside, umthwalo owandayo wokubona, ukungakwazi ukuphumula, ukucindezeleka okuhambisanayo noma ukuqaqamba kokuhambisanayo. I-myopia inganyamalala ngemithi yokwandisa abafundi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile kukholelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwe-myopia luyisigaba sokuqala sokuvela nokukhula kwe-myopia.
(2) I-myopia yangempela:Ngemva kokusebenzisa ama-cycloplegic agents kanye neminye imithi, izinga le-myopia alinciphi noma izinga le-myopia lincipha ngaphansi kuka-0.50D.
(3) I-myopia exubile:libhekisela ku-diopter ye-myopia eye yancipha ngemva kokusebenzisa imithi ye-cycloplegic kanye nezinye izindlela zokwelapha, kodwa isimo se-emmetropic asikabuyiselwa.
I-myopia yangempela noma engamanga ichazwa ngokusekelwe ekutheni ukulungiswa kuhilelekile yini. Amehlo angazisondeza ngokwawo esuka ezintweni ezikude kuya eziseduze, futhi leli khono lokusondeza lincike emsebenzini wokulungisa amehlo. Umsebenzi ongavamile wokuhlalisa amehlo uhlukaniswe kabanzi ngokuthi: i-accommodative temporary pseudomyopia kanye ne-accommodative true myopia.
I-accommodative temporary pseudomyopia, umbono uyathuthuka ngemva kwe-mydriasis, kanti umbono uyathuthuka ngemva kokuba amehlo ephumule isikhathi esithile. Ku-accommodative intermediate myopia, ukubona kahle ngemva kokukhula akukwazi ukufinyelela ku-5.0, i-axis yeso ijwayelekile, futhi umngcele we-eyeball awandiswanga ngokwesimo somzimba. Kuphela ngokwandisa izinga le-myopia ngendlela efanele lapho ukubona kahle okungu-5.0 kungafinyelelwa khona.
I-myopia yangempela yokwamukela. Ibhekisela ekuhlulekeni kwe-pseudomyopia yokwamukela ukululama ngesikhathi. Lesi simo sihlala isikhathi eside, futhi i-axis yamehlo iyanwetshwa ukuze ivumelane nale ndawo eseduze nokubona.
Ngemva kokuba ubude be-axial yeso sebunwetshiwe, imisipha ye-ciliary yeso iyakhululeka futhi ukugoba kwelensi kubuyela esimweni esijwayelekile. I-Myopia isiqede inqubo entsha yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ubude be-axial ngayinye yeso bunwetshwa ngo-1mm. I-Myopia ijula ngama-degree angu-300. Kukhiwa i-myopia yangempela. Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia yangempela luhlukile kakhulu ku-myopia yangempela ye-axial. Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia yangempela luphinde lube nethuba lokululama kokubona.
Isengezo ekuhlukanisweni kwe-myopia
Kudingeka sazi lapha ukuthi i-pseudomyopia akuyona "i-myopia" yezokwelapha ngoba le "myopia" ingaba khona kunoma ubani, kunoma yisiphi isimo sokungalali kahle, nanganoma yisiphi isikhathi, futhi amehlo azokhathala. I-myopia enyamalala ngemva kokuba abafundi bevuleke kakhulu yi-pseudomyopia, kanti i-myopia esekhona yi-myopia yangempela.
I-Axial myopia ihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe embangela yokuphazamiseka kwe-refractive media ngaphakathi kweso.
Uma iso liyi-emmetropic, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-refractive media esweni zivele zibuyisele ukukhanya ku-retina. Kubantu aba-emmetropic, amandla aphelele e-refractive media ahlukahlukene esweni kanye nebanga (i-eye axis) ukusuka ku-cornea ngaphambili kweso kuya ku-retina ngemuva kuyafana ncamashi.
Uma amandla okukhanya okuphelele emakhulu kakhulu noma ibanga lide kakhulu, ukukhanya kuzowela phambi kwe-retina uma ubheka kude, okuyi-myopia. I-Myopia ebangelwa amandla aphezulu okukhanya yi-myopia yokukhanya okubonakalayo (okubangelwa ukukhubazeka kwe-cornea, ukukhubazeka kwelensi, i-cataracts, isifo sikashukela, njll.), kanye ne-axial myopia ebangelwa ukunwebeka kobude be-axial be-eyeball ngale kwesimo se-emmetropic (uhlobo lwe-myopia abantu abaningi abanalo)).
Iningi labantu liba ne-myopia ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Abanye bazalwa bene-myopia, abanye bane-myopic lapho besebancane, kanti abanye baba ne-myopic lapho sebekhulile. Ngokwesikhathi se-myopia, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-myopia yokuzalwa (i-myopia iyazalwa), i-myopia eqala ekuqaleni (ngaphansi kweminyaka eyi-14 ubudala), i-myopia eqala ngasekupheleni (iminyaka eyi-16 kuya kweyi-18 ubudala), kanye ne-myopia eqala ngasekupheleni (ngemva kokuba mdala).
Kukhona futhi ukuthi i-diopter izoshintsha yini ngemva kokukhula kwe-myopia. Uma i-diopter ingashintshi iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili, izinzile. Uma i-diopter ihlala isikhathi eside phakathi neminyaka emibili, iyathuthuka.
Isifinyezo sokuhlukaniswa kwe-myopia
Emikhakheni yezokwelapha amehlo kanye ne-optometry, kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi ze-myopia, esingeke sizifake ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obuncane. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-myopia, ezingangqubuzani. Zibonisa nje ubunzima kanye nokungaqiniseki kwendlela okwenzeka ngayo i-myopia kanye nentuthuko yayo. Sidinga ukuchaza nokuhlukanisa izigaba ze-myopia ezicini ezahlukene.
Inkinga ye-myopia yomuntu ngamunye wethu one-myopia kumele ibe yigatsha lesigaba se-myopia esihambisanayo. Akungabazeki ukuthi akulona isayensi ukukhuluma ngokuvimbela nokulawula i-myopia kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-myopia ihlukaniswe kanjani.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-24-2023