Ngokombiko wocwaningo weWorld Health Organisation, isibalo seziguli ezine-myopia eChina sifinyelele ezigidini ezingama-600 ngo-2018, kanti izinga le-myopia phakathi kwentsha libekwe kuqala emhlabeni. I-China isiyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni eline-myopia. Ngokwedatha yokubalwa kwabantu yango-2021, isilinganiso se-myopia sithatha cishe uhhafu wabantu bezwe. Ngenani elikhulu kangaka labantu be-myopia, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazisa ngokwesayensi ulwazi lochwepheshe oluhlobene ne-myopia.
Indlela ye-myopia
I-pathogenesis eqondile ye-myopia ayikacaci kuze kube manje. Ukukubeka kalula, asazi ukuthi kungani kwenzeka i-myopia.
Izinto ezihambisana ne-myopia
Ngokocwaningo lwezokwelapha nolwe-Optometry, ukwenzeka kwe-myopia kuthintwa izici eziningi ezifana nezakhi zofuzo nendawo ezungezile, futhi kungase kuhlobane nalezi zici ezilandelayo.
1. I-Myopia inokuthambekela okuthile kofuzo. Njengoba ucwaningo lwezici zofuzo lwe-myopia luya lujula ngokwengeziwe, ikakhulukazi i-myopia ye-pathological inomlando womndeni, okwamanje kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi i-myopia ye-pathological iyisifo sofuzo sofuzo olulodwa, futhi okuvame kakhulu ifa le-autosomal recessive. . I-myopia elula okwamanje itholakala ezicini eziningi, nezinto ezitholiwe ezidlala indima enkulu.
2. Ngokwezimo zemvelo, izici ezifana nokufunda eduze isikhathi eside, ukukhanya okwanele, isikhathi eside sokufunda, ukubhala ngesandla okungacacile noma okuncane kakhulu, ukungahlali kahle, ukungondleki, ukuncipha kwemisebenzi yangaphandle, kanye nezinga lemfundo elikhulayo kungase kuhlobane ukuthuthukiswa kwe-myopia. okuhlobene nesenzeko.
Umehluko wokuhlukaniswa kwe-myopia
Kunezigaba eziningi ze-myopia, ngoba imbangela yokuqala, imbangela yokungajwayelekile kwe-refractive, izinga le-myopia, ubude besikhathi se-myopia, ukuzinza, kanye nokuthi ukulungiswa kuhilelekile kungasetshenziswa njengenqubo yokuhlukanisa.
1. Ngokwezinga le-myopia:
I-myopia ephansi:ngaphansi kuka-300 degrees (≤-3.00 D).
I-myopia emaphakathi:300 degrees kuya ku-600 degrees (-3.00 D~-6.00 D).
I-Myopia:ngaphezu kuka-600 degrees (>-6.00 D) (ebizwa nangokuthi i-pathological myopia)
2. Ngokusho kwesakhiwo se-refractive (isizathu esiqondile):
(1) I-refractive myopia,okuyi-myopia ebangelwa ukwanda kwamandla okubonisa i-eyeball ngenxa yezingxenye ezingavamile ze-eyeball refractive noma inhlanganisela engavamile yezingxenye kuyilapho ubude be-axial beso bujwayelekile. Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia lungaba okwesikhashana noma unomphela.
I-refractive myopia ingahlukaniswa nge-curvature myopia kanye ne-refractive index myopia. Okwakuqala kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukugoba kwe-cornea noma ilensi ngokweqile, njengeziguli ezine-keratoconus, ilensi eyindilinga noma ilensi encane; lokhu kwakamuva kubangelwa inkomba ye-refractive eyeqile yamahlaya ane-aqueous kanye ne-lens, njenge-cataract eyinhloko, iziguli zokuvuvukala komzimba we-iris-ciliary.
(2) I-Axial myopia:Iphinde ihlukaniswe yaba i-non-plastic axial myopia kanye ne-plastic axial myopia. I-Non-plastic axial myopia isho ukuthi amandla okuphendula iso ajwayelekile, kodwa ubude be-axis yangaphambili nengemuva ye-eyeball budlula ububanzi obujwayelekile. Ukwanda ngakunye kwe-1mm eksisi yebhola leso kulingana nokwanda kwama-degree angama-300 we-myopia. Ngokuvamile, i-diopter ye-axial myopia ingaphansi kwama-degree angu-600 we-myopia. Ngemuva kokuthi i-diopter ye-axial myopia eyingxenye ikhuphuke ibe ngama-degree angu-600, ubude be-axial beso buqhubeka nokwanda. I-myopia diopter ingafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-1000, futhi kwezinye izimo ifinyelela ngisho nangama-degree angu-2000. Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia lubizwa ngokuthi i-myopia ephakeme eqhubekayo noma i-myopia ekhubazekile.
Amehlo anezinguquko ezihlukahlukene ze-pathological ezifana ne-myopia ephezulu, futhi umbono awukwazi ukulungiswa ngendlela egculisayo. Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia lunomlando womndeni futhi luhlobene nofuzo. Lisekhona ithemba lokulawula nokululama ebuntwaneni, kodwa hhayi njengomuntu omdala.
I-Plastic axial myopia ibizwa nangokuthi i-plastic myopia yeqiniso. Izizathu, njengokuntuleka kwamavithamini kanye nezakhi zokulandelela ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kungabangela i-myopia, kanye ne-myopia ebangelwa i-ophthalmia noma izifo zomzimba. Iphinde ihlukaniswe yaba i-plastic temporary pseudomyopia, i-plastic intermediate myopia kanye ne-plastic axial myopia.
(a) I-pseudomyopia yesikhashana yepulasitiki:Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia luthatha isikhathi esifushane ukwakheka kune-plastic pseudomyopia yesikhashana. Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia, njenge-pseudomyopia yesikhashana yokuhlala, lungabuyela embonweni ojwayelekile ngesikhathi esifushane. Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-myopia zidinga izindlela ezihlukene zokululama. Izici ze-plastic pseudomyopia yesikhashana: lapho izici zilungiswa, umbono uthuthuka; lapho kuphakama izici ezintsha, i-myopia iyaqhubeka nokujula. Ngokuvamile, kukhona ububanzi bepulasitiki obusuka ku-25 kuya ku-300 degrees.
(b) Plastic intermediate myopia:I-acuity ebonakalayo ayithuthuki ngemva kokulungisa izici, futhi ayikho i-plastic myopia yeqiniso enweba i-eksisi ebonakalayo.
(c) Plastic axial myopia:Lapho i-plastic pseudomyopia ohlotsheni lwe-axial myopia ikhula ibe i-plastic myopia yeqiniso, kuba nzima kakhulu ukubuyisela ukubona. Isevisi yokuqeqeshwa kokutholwa kwe-Myopia engu-1+1 isetshenziswa, futhi isivinini sokutakula sihamba kancane. Kudinga Isikhathi futhi side kakhulu.
(3) I-myopia ehlangene:izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala ze-myopia zihlala ndawonye
3. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ngokuya ngokuqhubeka kwesifo kanye nezinguquko ze-pathological
(1) I-myopia elula:Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-myopia yezingane, iwuhlobo oluvamile lwe-myopia. Izici zofuzo azikacaci kahle. Ihlobene kakhulu nomthwalo obonakalayo ophezulu ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuthuthuka. Ngobudala nokuthuthukiswa ngokomzimba, eminyakeni ethile, kuzovame ukuzinza. Izinga le-myopia ngokuvamile liphansi noma lilinganiselwe, i-myopia iqhubeka kancane, futhi ukubona okulungisiwe kuhle.
(3) I-Pathological myopia:Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-myopia eqhubekayo, ngokuvamile inezici zofuzo. I-Myopia iyaqhubeka nokujula, ithuthuka ngokushesha phakathi nenkathi yokuthomba, futhi inhlamvu yeso isakhula ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engu-20. Umsebenzi obonakalayo uphazamiseka kakhulu, ubonakaliswa ibanga eliphansi kunelivamile kanye nombono oseduze, kanye nenkundla yokubuka engavamile kanye nokuzwela okuphambene. Okuhambisana nezinkinga ezinjengokuwohloka kwe-retina endaweni engemuva yeso, amabala e-myopic arc, ukopha kwe-macular, kanye ne-posterior scleral staphyloma, lesi sifo siya ngokuya sijula futhi sithuthuke; umphumela wokulungisa umbono awulungile ezigabeni zakamuva.
4.Ukuhlukaniswa ngokuya ngokuthi akhona yini amandla okulungisa ahilelekile.
(1) I-Pseudomyopia:Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-myopia yokuhlala, ibangelwa umsebenzi oseduze wesikhathi eside, ukwanda komthwalo obonakalayo, ukungakwazi ukuphumula, ukungezwani kwendawo yokuhlala noma i-spasm yokuhlala. I-Myopia inganyamalala ngokusebenzisa imithi ukuze kwandiswe abafundi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile kukholelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwe-myopia luyisigaba sokuqala sokwenzeka nokuthuthuka kwe-myopia.
(2) I-myopia yeqiniso:Ngemva kokusebenzisa ama-cycloplegic agents kanye nezinye izidakamizwa, i-myopia degree ayinciphi noma izinga le-myopia lehla ngaphansi kuka-0.50D.
(3) I-myopia ehlanganisiwe:ibhekisela ku-diopter ye-myopia eyehlisiwe ngemva kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ze-cycloplegic nezinye izindlela zokwelapha, kodwa isimo se-emmetropic asikakabuyiselwa.
I-myopia yeqiniso noma engamanga ichazwa ngokusekelwe ekutheni ukulungiswa kuhilelekile. Amehlo angakwazi ukusondeza ngokwawo kusuka kude kuya ezintweni eziseduze, futhi leli khono lokusondeza lincike ekusebenzeni kokulungiswa kwamehlo. Ukusebenza okungalungile kwamehlo kuphinde kuhlukaniswe kube: i-pseudomyopia yesikhashana yendawo yokuhlala kanye ne-myopia yeqiniso yendawo yokuhlala.
I-pseudomyopia yesikhashana yokuhlala, umbono uba ngcono ngemva kwe-mydriasis, futhi umbono uba ngcono ngemva kokuba amehlo ephumule isikhathi esithile. Ku-myopia ephakathi nendawo yokuhlala, ukuvuleka kokubukwa ngemva kokuvuleka akukwazi ukufinyelela ku-5.0, i-axis yeso ijwayelekile, futhi i-periphery ye-eyeball ayinwetshiwe ngokwe-anatomically. Kuphela ngokwandisa idigri ye-myopia ngendlela efanele lapho kungafinyelelwa khona ukuqonda okubukwayo okungu-5.0.
I-myopia yeqiniso yokuhlala. Isho ukwehluleka kwe-accommodative pseudomyopia ukutholwa ngesikhathi. Lesi simo sihlala isikhathi eside, futhi i-eksisi yamehlo inwetshiwe ukuze ivumelane nale ndawo yombono oseduze.
Ngemuva kokuthi ubude be-axial beso bunwetshiwe, imisipha ye-ciliary yeso ikhululekile futhi ukuguquguquka kwe-lens kubuyela kokujwayelekile. I-Myopia isiqede inqubo entsha yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ubude be-axial beso ngalinye bunwetshwa ngo-1mm. I-Myopia ijula ngamadigri angu-300. I-myopia yeqiniso yendawo yokuhlala iyakhiwa. Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia yeqiniso luhluke kakhulu kune-axial true myopia. Lolu hlobo lwe-myopia yeqiniso lunethuba lokubona kabusha.
Isengezo ekuhlukaniseni i-myopia
Kudingeka sazi lapha ukuthi i-pseudomyopia akuyona "i-myopia" yezokwelapha ngoba le "myopia" ingaba khona kunoma ubani, kunoma yisiphi isimo se-refractive, futhi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, futhi amehlo azokhathala. I-myopia enyamalala ngemva kokuba abafundi sebenwetshiwe i-pseudomyopia, kanti i-myopia esekhona i-myopia yeqiniso.
I-Axial myopia ihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe kusizathu sokungajwayelekile emithonjeni ye-refractive ngaphakathi kweso.
Uma iso liyi-emmetropic, imidiya ehlukahlukene ye-refractive esesweni ivele ikhiphe ukukhanya ku-retina. Kubantu abane-emmetropic, amandla aphelele e-refractive wemidiya ehlukahlukene e-refractive esweni kanye nebanga (i-axis yeso) ukusuka ku-cornea engaphambili kweso kuya ku-retina ngemuva kuhambisana ncamashi.
Uma amandla aphelele e-refractive makhulu kakhulu noma ibanga lide kakhulu, ukukhanya kuzowela phambi kwe-retina uma ubheka kude, okuyi-myopia. I-Myopia ebangelwa amandla aphakeme e-refractive i-refractive myopia (ebangelwa ukungahambi kahle kwe-cornea, ukungahambi kahle kwelensi, ulwelwesi lwamehlo, isifo sikashukela, njll.), kanye ne-axial myopia ebangelwa ukwelulwa kobude be-axial yenhlamvu yeso ngale kwe-emmetropic state (uhlobo lwe-myopia leyo abantu abaningi banayo)).
Iningi labantu liba ne-myopia ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Abanye bazalwa bene-myopia, abanye bane-myopic ebusheni, kanti abanye baba ne-myopic lapho sebekhulile. Ngokwesikhathi se-myopia, ingahlukaniswa nge-myopia yokuzalwa (i-myopia izalwa), i-myopia eqala ekuqaleni (engaphansi kweminyaka engu-14 ubudala), i-myopia eqala sekwephuzile (iminyaka engu-16 kuya kwengu-18 ubudala), kanye ne-myopia yokuqala (emva kwalokho). ubudala).
Kukhona futhi ukuthi i-diopter izoshintsha yini ngemva kokuvela kwe-myopia. Uma i-diopter ingashintshi iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili, izinzile. Uma i-diopter ihlala isikhathi eside phakathi neminyaka emibili, iyaqhubeka.
Isifinyezo sokuhlukaniswa kwe-myopia
Emkhakheni we-ophthalmology yezokwelapha kanye ne-Optometry, kunezinye izigaba eziningi ze-myopia, esingeke sizethule ngenxa yobuchwepheshe be-microscopic. Kunezigaba eziningi ze-myopia, ezingangqubuzani. Zibonisa nje ubunkimbinkimbi nokungaqiniseki kwendlela okwenzeka ngayo nokuthuthuka kwe-myopia. Kudingeka sichaze futhi sihlukanise izigaba ze-myopia ezicini ezahlukene.
Inkinga ye-myopia yomuntu ngamunye wethu kufanele ibe igatsha lesigaba esihambisanayo se-myopia. Akungabazeki ukuthi akukhona isayensi ukukhuluma ngokuvimbela nokulawula i-myopia kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-myopia ihlukaniswa ngezigaba.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-24-2023